A version of this article was originally published by Knowledge at Wharton
"Cloud computing" promises myriad benefits -- including cost savings on technology infrastructure and faster software upgrades -- for users ranging from small start-ups to large corporations. That's an auspicious future considering that not everyone agrees on exactly what cloud computing is or what it can do.
Despite the ethereal name, in its broadest terms, the concept of cloud computing is fairly simple. Rather than running software on its own computers -- "on premises" as the terminology goes -- a company buys access to software on computers operated by a third party. Typically, the software is accessed over the Internet using only a Web browser. As long as the software performs properly, it doesn't matter where the systems that run it are located. They are "out there somewhere" -- in "the cloud" of the Internet. Since companies tend to purchase access to this remote software on a subscription basis, cloud computing is also often termed "software as a service."
"Cloud computing refers to a number of trends related to pushing computing resources -- hardware, software, data -- further into the network," said Kartik Hosanagar, a Wharton professor of operations and information management.
These days, no computer user is an island. A recent study determined that 80 percent of the data used by business comes from outside the company. Cloud computing "is the technical response to this reality," said Anthony Arott of anti-virus software company Trend Micro, based in Cupertino, Calif.
A somewhat broader definition of cloud computing comes from Barry X. Lynn, CEO of "cloud platform" provider 3tera of Aliso Viejo, Calif. "A lot of people define the cloud as having the computers be someplace else. And that's not true," he said. "People have run IT in data centers they didn't own for years. In the 1970s, we called that 'remote job entry.' In the 1990s, it was 'outsourced data centers.' It's not a new concept."
Lynn suggested that true cloud computing isn't simply about adding physical distance between the user and the computer that's doing the grunt work. What's new is "when you abstract the computer from the physical resources." In other words, you no longer have specific machines -- no matter where they are located -- dedicated to specific functions or software applications. Instead, you have a piece of software running across a pool of machines, making optimal use of all the available hardware resources.
In between these explanations of cloud computing lies a variety of products and services, all of which claim to offer a number of advantages -- lowered investment in hardware, more efficient use of computing systems in existing data centers, easier scale-up of the applications and services. These approaches are now possible due to faster and more pervasive communications. As bandwidth has become cheap and readily available, and transmission speed is no longer an impediment, it's possible to store data and run software anywhere for users to access from wherever they want.
According to Prasanna Krishnan, an associate at Menlo Park, Calif.-based venture capital firm Draper Fisher Jurvetson, the easiest examples for most people to grasp may be consumer Web applications such as Microsoft's Hotmail, Google's Gmail and YouTube, and Yahoo's Flickr photo-sharing service. Consumers run only their browsers on local computers. The rest of the software -- along with users' e-mail messages, photos or videos -- are on remote machines the user can't see and doesn't have to know anything about -- as if hidden in the clouds.
Google extended its successful webmail model by introducing Google Docs -- online versions of word processor and spreadsheet applications, software that traditionally runs on users' PCs. By taking advantage of online applications and storage, users have the option to spend less money on hardware.
Reducing -- or eliminating -- hardware and other operating costs naturally also appeals to corporate users, many of whom are moving toward subscription-based "software as a service" (abbreviated SaaS). Online business applications offered by companies such as Salesforce.com (for customer relationship management) and Workday (for human resources and financial software) cannot only replace expensive programs that would run on companies' premises, they can reduce the need for corporate computer servers and the related costs of maintaining them. With SaaS, companies pay subscription fees for usage rather than licensing costly enterprise software. SaaS is a growth industry: A new study by Forrester Research concludes that even in the current recession, software-as-a-service providers are seeing double-digit growth in their subscription revenue.
Companies have expanded into the cloud by offering data-center resources as more generic "computing as a service." Google, which maintains vast warehouses of servers to run its own software applications, also offers a service called Google AppEngine that allows businesses to develop and run their own programs on Google's servers. Amazon has a similar offering called the Elastic Compute Cloud, or EC2. These services offer companies a place to host applications and data under a pay-for-usage model -- called "utility computing" because it is ready on demand, just like turning on the lights or the water faucet. Customers pay by unit of consumption, whether it's storage space or computing time, and can scale usage up or down quickly. These computing services are particularly attractive when companies want to develop and test new applications without interfering with existing systems, and they can offer "hot," or ready-to-use, backups of the applications in use.
The notion that a company has a "private cloud" on its premises might seem contrary to the concept of cloud computing, but cloud-like features can also have advantages in corporate data centers.
Traditional corporate data centers can be inefficient. Businesses equipped for peak workloads may have servers that are underutilized much of the time. In a private cloud, a group of a company's existing computers can be brought together as a computing pool.
For some corporate users, keeping the cloud in-house alleviates the security and privacy concerns that can come with running key applications and data outside the company. However, cloud providers insist that data is safer and less vulnerable with them. Companies that provide storage and computing services maintain state-of-the-art facilities and implement security updates immediately.
